A review by the International Organization for Migration, in coordination with Iraqi officials and the Iraqi Red Crescent Organization, found squalid living conditions in refugee camps throughout the country.

The refugee population living in tent cities is relatively low compared to other displaced groups, though humanitarian conditions there are grim, IOM said.

Most tent cities lack basic services such as running water or medical care, leaving the displaced communities there among the most vulnerable.

At the Qalawa camp in the northeastern Iraqi city of Sulaymaniyah, displaced persons had settled in open land with no functioning sewage system or electricity. IOM reported several cases of typhoid at the camp since 2006.

Migration officials said until long-term security is established in Iraq, the internally displaced population faces a looming humanitarian crisis.

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